Formatting Information

5.3.2.1 Choosing between BIBTEX and biblatex

LATEX has two systems for doing this, BIBTEX and biblatex: both of them use the same file format, called BIBTEX.

• the older BIBTEX system uses a separate file for each style format (eg Harvard, Oxford, IEEE, Vancouver, MLA, APA, etc), plus a sort-and-extract program also called bibtex, which creates the formatting for the references in LATEX. The drawbacks of BIBTEX are that a) it doesn’t handle accented and other non-Latin characters very easily and b) the style format files (.bst files) are written in its own rather strange and unique language, making them extremely difficult to modify.

• the newer biblatex system is a standard LATEX package with options for the different style formats. There is also a new program (biber) to replace bibtex for sorting and extracting the references from your BIBTEX file. The main advantages are that a) biblatex works with UTF-8 characters, so accents and other writing systems are handled natively, especially with XƎLATEX and b) biblatex is written entirely in LATEX, providing a much more extensible data model, so extending or modifying it is much easier than with BIBTEX.

  Unfortunately, although many basic formats are included as options within the biblatex package, it has become necessary to create add-on subpackages to handle new and additional features, such as biblatex-apa, biblatex-chicago, etc. This makes biblatex more powerful but more complex.

The biblatex package with the biber program is therefore recommended, as it is under active development. However, there are a few classes and packages which may still require BIBTEX style formats, and there are some less common style formats which are still not available prepackaged for biblatex. The flexibility of the biblatex data model means altering or extending style formats is much easier than for BIBTEX, although this is not a task for the beginner.

Cheatsheet

Clea F Rees has written an excellent cheatsheet with virtually everything on it that you need for quick reference to using biblatex. This is downloadable as the package biblatex-cheatsheet from CTAN.

Both systems use the same database file format, still called a ‘BIBTEX file’ after the older system, so you can switch between the systems if needed.

5.3.2.2 The BIBTEX file format

The format for BIBTEX files, used for both biber and bibtex programs, is specified in the original BIBTEX documentation (look on your system for btxdoc.pdf), but the biblatex package and its updated style formats provide more fields.

There is a prescribed minimum set of fields for each of a dozen or so types of document: book, article (in a journal), article (in a collection), chapter (in a book), thesis, report, paper (in a Proceedings), etc, exactly as with all other reference management systems. These are listed in detail in the biblatex documentation (Lehman, Kime, Boruvka and Wright, 2015).

Each entry starts with an @ sign followed by the type of document, followed by the whole entry in a single set of curly braces. The first value is the unique key (label) that you make up, followed by a comma:

@book{fg,

}
	  

Then comes each field (in any order), using the format:

keyword = {value},
          

There MUST be a comma after each line except the last.

@book{fg,
   title        = {{An Innkeeper's Diary}},
   author       = {John Fothergill},
   edition      = {3rd},
   publisher    = {Penguin},
   year         = 1929,
   address      = {London}
}
	  

Most TEX-sensitive editors have a BIBTEX mode which understands these entries and provides menus or templates for writing them. The rules are:

• Omit the comma after the last field in the entry (only — eg after {London} in the example)

• Some styles recapitalise the title when they format: to prevent this, enclose the title in double curly braces as in the example;

• Also use extra curly braces to enclose multi-word surnames, otherwise only the last will be used in the sort, and the others will be assumed to be forenames, for example the British explorer can be sorted under T with Ranulph {Twisleton Wykeham Fiennes}

• Multiple authors go in the one author field, separated by the word and (see example below)

• Values which are purely numeric (eg years) may omit the curly braces;

• Fields can occur in any order but the format must otherwise be strictly observed;

• Fields which are not used do not have to be included (so if your editor automatically inserts them as blank or prefixed by OPT [optional], you can safely delete them as unused lines)

Here’s another example, this time for a book on how to write mathematics — note the multiple authors separated by and.

@book{mathwrite,
  author = 	 {Donald E Knuth and Tracey Larrabee and
                  Paul M Roberts},
  title = 	 {{Mathematical Writing}},
  publisher = 	 {Mathematical Association of America},
  address = 	 {Washington, DC},
  series = 	 {MAA Notes 14},
  isbn = 	 {0-88385-063-X},
  year = 	 {1989}}
	  

Every reference in your reference management software MUST have a unique key value (label or ID): you can make this up, just like you do with normal cross-references, but some bibliographic software automatically assigns a value, usually based on some abbreviation of the author and year. These keys are for your convenience in referencing: in normal circumstances your readers will not see them. You can see these labels in the right-hand-most column and at the bottom of the screenshot in Figure 5.1, and in the examples above. You use this label in your documents when you cite your works.

There are many built-in options to the biblatex package for adjusting the citation and reference formats, only a few of which are covered here. Read the package documentation for details: it is possible to construct your own style simply by adjusting the settings, with no programming required (unlike the older BIBTEX styles, which are written in a programming language used nowhere else).

5.3.2.3 Citation commands

The basic command is \cite, followed by the label of the entry in curly braces. You can cite several entries in one command: separate the labels with commas.

\cite{fg}
\cite{bull,davy,heller}
	  

For documents with many citations, use the Cite button or menu item in your bibliographic reference manager, which will insert the relevant command for you (you can see it activated for the TEXStudio editor in Figure 5.1).

How the citation appears is governed by the reference format (style) you specify in the options to the biblatex package (see § 5.3.2.4) or in a \bibliographystyle command if you are using BIBTEX (see § 5.3.2.5). There are three common formats used:

Author-Year

There are two types of this format: one with the year in parentheses and one with the whole citation in parentheses.

The first type is used in phrases or sentences where the name of the author is part of the sentence, and the year is there to identify what is being cited; in biblatex this command is \textcite{fg}

...as has clearly been shown by Fothergill (1929).

The second type is used where the phrase or sentence is already complete, and the citation is being added in support: in biblatex this command is \parencite{fg}

...as we have already clearly shown (Fothergill, 1929).

Numeric

This format is popular in some scientific disciplines and produces just a number in square brackets [42]. The references at the end of the document are numbered in sort order.

Alphabetic

This format is also popular in some scientific disciplines and produces a three- or four-letter abbreviation of the author’s name and two digits of the year, all in square brackets [Fot29]. The references at the end of the document are labelled with the same format in sort order.

To direct your reader to a specific page or chapter, you can add a suffix as an optional argument in square brackets before the label. This gets printed after the citation but within the parentheses, if any; for example \cite[Foreword, p.13]{fg} produces (Fothergill, 1929, Foreword, p.13). If you are using biblatex, you can specify a prefix and a suffix as two optional arguments: in this case the first is the prefix and the second is the suffix.

Footnoted citations are common in History and related disciplines, to the extent that scholars in these fields actually call their references ‘footnotes’, which is confusing. The command \footcite does these (see Table 5.1) but it is only relevant for author-year styles (in numeric style it just produces the number, which looks wrong).

There are many variant forms of these commands, either for specific styles like Harvard, IEEE, MLA, etc; or for grammatical modifications like capitalising name prefixes, omitting the comma between name and year, or adding multiple notes; or for extracting specific fields from an entry (eg \titlecite). If you have requirements not met by the formats described here, you can find them in the documentation for the biblatex package.

If you are using BIBTEX, the commands you can use are not standardised except for \cite. Instead, they depend on which style format you use, for example the popular natbib package, which implements author-year citation for the natural sciences, uses \citet and \citep instead of \textcite and \parencite.

Figure 5.1: JabRef displaying a file of references, ready to insert a citation to Fothergill’s book into a LATEX document being edited with TEXStudio

 

Your reference management software will have a display something like Figure 5.1 (details vary between systems, but they all do roughly the same job in roughly the same way), showing all your references with the data in the usual fields (title, author, date, etc).

Your BIBTEX file, saved or exported to a .bib file from your reference management software, looks like the examples in § 5.3.2.2.

If your software doesn’t save BIBTEX format direct, save it in RIS format, then open the .ris file in something like JabRef and save it as a .bib file from there.

5.3.2.4 Setting up biblatex with biber

You set up your document by adding the csquotes and biblatex packages, specifying the biber program and the style of references you want, either numeric or alphabetic or authoryear, or a publisher’s style (here I am using APA format). The default language is American English, so there are optional commands to map this to other language variants (shown here for British English). You also specify the name of your BIBTEX file[s] (see the sidebar ‘Bibliographic reference databases’) with one or more \addbibresource commands:

\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=apa]{biblatex}
\DeclareLanguageMapping{british}{british-apa}
\addbibresource{myrefs.bib}
	  

The csquotes package is needed to ensure that citation of any titles needing quotation marks will be handled correctly.

Finally, you need to add the \printbibliography command at the point in your document where you want the full list of references you have cited to be printed. See § 5.3.2.6 for details of how XƎLATEX produces the references.

5.3.2.5 Using BIBTEX

The BIBTEX method is deprecated, partly because it does not handle UTF-8 character-encoding correctly, and partly because its unusual internal programming language makes it hard to extend.

The principles underlying BIBTEX are identical to biblatex: you create and maintain your BIBTEX file of references in exactly the same way, and you use the \cite in the same way. But there is no basic package to load with options: instead, you specify the name of the style you want, using a \bibliographystyle command in your Preamble, plus any additional packages needed to help with the formatting. You then use the \bibliography command to give the name of your BIBTEX file (without the .bib extension) at the point you want the references to be printed.

\bibliographystyle{apsr}
\usepackage{natbib,har2nat}
...
\bibliography{myrefs}
	  

In this example the American Political Science Review (APSR) Harvard-like reference style has been selected (common in the political and economic sciences), which normally means numerical citation, but the author wants the Natural Sciences (author-year) form of citation, which is provided by the natbib package, which in turn requires the har2nat package to handle Harvard-style formatting. The natbib package provides \citet for textual citation like Fothergill (1929), and \citep for parenthetic citation like (Fothergill, 1929).

There is an option on all the cite commands and variants to let you specify a suffix to the citation, so \citep[Foreword, p.13]{fg} produces (Fothergill, 1929, Foreword, p.13).

See § 5.3.2.6 for details of how PDFLATEX produces the references.

5.3.2.6 Producing the references

Because of the record-extract-format process (the same as used for cross-references), you will get a warning message about ‘unresolved references’ the first time you process your document after adding a new citation for a previously uncited work and running biber or bibtex. The bibtex program produces a bold ?? where the unresolved reference will be; biber produces the entry label in bold instead. This will disappear once LATEX has been run again, which is why so many editors have a Build function to do the job for you.

Your LATEX editor’s Typeset or Build button or menu entry should therefore handle the business of running biber or bibtex for you. If not, here’s how to do it manually in a Command window:

For XƎLATEX with biber

Run XƎLATEX, then run biber to extract and sort the details from the BIBTEX file, and then run XƎLATEX again:

xelatex myreport
biber myreport
xelatex myreport
		

For PDFLATEX with bibtex

Run PDFLATEX, then run bibtex to extract and sort the details from the BIBTEX file, and then run PDFLATEX again twice (to resolve the references):

pdflatex myreport
bibtex myreport
pdflatex myreport
pdflatex myreport
		

In practice, authors tend to retypeset their documents from time to time during writing anyway, so they can keep an eye on the typographic progress of the document. Just clicking the Typeset or Build button after adding a new \cite command, and subsequent runs of LATEX will incrementally incorporate all references without you having to worry about it.